Information Technology CBSE code 402 class 10 chapter wise important notes Database

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would used database programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These database programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.

Database Management System (DBMS) -  A database management system is a software package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows different user application  programs to concurrently access the same database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.

Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers are accessed through command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database organized in terms the relational model is a relational database.

Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing information.

1. Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.

2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

3. Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your database about one of the items.

4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while adding information to your database.

For example,

Database :- Employee

Emp_Code	Emp_Name	Emp_Address	Emp_Designation	Emp_ContactNo	Emp_Salary
E001	ABC	Meerut	Manager	9876543210	Rs. 50,000

Item : Employee

Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation , Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary

Record :

E001

ABC

Meerut

Manager

9876543210

Rs. 50,000

Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000

5. Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.

Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?

Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

SESSION 2:- DATA STORAGE

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.

COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.

DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store in the database.

Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-

1. Numeric Types

2. Alphanumeric Types

3. Binary Types

4. Date Time

5. Other variable Types

NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age, etc.

The different types of numeric data types available are-

1. Boolean (Yes / No)                      6. Numeric

2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer)                   7. Decimal

3. SmallInt (Small Integer)               8. Real

4. Integer                                         9. Float

5. BigInt (Big Integer)                      10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-

The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are :-

1. LongVarChar (Memo)   (Long Text)

2. Char         (Text-fix) (Small Text)

3. VarChar            (Text)      (Text of specified Length)

4. VarChar_IgnoreCase  (Text) (Comparisions are not case sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-

Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.

The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-

1. LongVarBinary    (Image)

2. Binary          (Binary (fix) )

3. VarBinary            (Binary)

DATE TIME:-

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the table of a database. It can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.

The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-

1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)

2. Time (Store hour , minute and second information)

3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.

Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK(Primary Key) Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.

Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK (Foreign Key)

Information Technology CBSE code 402 class 10 chapter wise important notes E-mail

SESSION 1: WORKING WITH CALENDAR

Time management is the act of planning to stay organized that will result in increased efficiency and productivity. Time management can be performed using simple techniques such as a paper and pen or you can also use calendar software to plan your time.

CALENDARING SOFTWARE:- Calendaring software provides the user an electronic version of a calendar. It is a time management tool, a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.

STEPS TO OPEN MICROSOFT OUTLOOK CALENDAR:-

1. Click Start -> Programs -> Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Outlook

2. Click Calendar located at the bottom left corner.

VIEWS SUPPORTED BY CALENDARING SOFTWARE:-

The calendaring software provides three views:-

1. Day :- To schedule an activity for a particular time in the day.

2. Week :- To schedule the activities for a particular days in the week.

                a) Show work week:- (Monday to Friday)

                   b) Show full week:- (Sunday to Saturday)

3. Month:- To schedule the activities for the complete month.

                Any appointments / meetings / commitments previously set in the day / week view will also be reflected here. This view is also used to switch over a specific date in the calendar by selecting the date in the date navigator.

Note:- The default view is by “Day”.

SESSION 2: SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT

You can schedule an appointment in two ways:-

1. Using Menu Bar

2. Using Calendar View

1. Using Menu Bar- Steps to schedule an appointment are:-

1. Go to File->New->Appointment. A window will appear

2. Create the appointment.

3. Click on Save & Close option. The details will be reflected in the calendar.

2.Using Calendar View – You can create appointments on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis. You can create recurring appointment. To do so,

1. Right click on the calendar. A list of options will appear.

2. Click on New Recurring Appointment.

3. An appointment Recurrence window appears. Specify the appointment time, recurrence pattern and the range of recurrence here.

4. Enter a recurring event, select multiple days and click OK.

        Session 3: Categorize an Appointment

You can categorize the appointments at the time of creation of the appointment or categorize after creating the appointment.

        At the time of creating appointment

While creating an appointment, select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.

For an existing appointment

To apply category for an existing appointment, double-click on the appointment and select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.

Session 4: Share a Calendar

You can share a copy of your calendar in an email message using email server. The calendar will be uploaded to the mail server and can be accessed by others using their email id.

Steps to share a calendar:-

1. Click on Publish My Calendar… option available in the Navigation Pane of the Calendar. A window will appear.

2. Click Finish to publish the calendar on the mail server.

3. Select the time span and configure Detail list and Permission options. Click OK.

4. Enter your email account details to publish the calendar. Click OK.

5.A message will be displayed. To send invitation Click Yes.

6. A window will appear. Enter the email accounts to whom you want to share the calendar and click Send.

Session 5: Print a  calendar

Steps to print a calendar are:-

1. Go to File-> Print. A print dialog box will appear.

2. Select the range of the calendar by specifying the dates.

3. Select the Print Style and adjust other settings.

4. Click OK

Session 6: Creating a Meeting Request

A meeting is an appointment to which you invite people or reserve resources for meeting hall, equipment etc.You can create and send meeting  requests and reserve resources for face-to-face meetings or for online meetings.

Steps to create a meeting request are

1. Go to File->New->Meeting Request, A window will appear.

2. Enter the Subject, Location and Timings of the meeting in the window.

3. Click Send.

Session 7: Respond to a Meeting Request

Steps to respond to a meeting request are:-

1. Open the email application to view the request.

2. Select the desired option from Accept, Tentative, Decline or Propose New Time options.

Session 8: Create and Edit a Task

Task refers to actions that can be performed by an user; tasks may include actions items such as booking a conference room, booking tickets, reminder for a task completion itself etc.

Steps to create a task are

1. Go to File->New->Task. A task window will be displayed.

2. Define a subject name, the start date and end date of the task, the status of the task and the priority of the task.

3. Click Save & Close at the top of the page.

Note:- You can edit the task by double clicking the task name available in the email application

Session 9: Create and Edit a Note

Notes are short text messages that can be used for taking quick notes. You can create notes in the calendar software.

Steps to create note:-

1. Go to File->New->Note, a window will appear.

2. Type the content of the note and click the    icon. Once you click    icon, a dropdown list appear.

3. Click the Save As… option to save the note.

NOTE:If you would like to edit the note, double click on the note and edit as required.

Session 10: Create and Edit a Journal Entry

Journal entry creates a timeline of transactions that can be linked to a contact. A transaction might be an email, task, appointment etc. The following activities can be automatically recorded:-

-      Emails Sent & Received

-      Telephone calls

-      Meeting request & responses

-      Office documents you manage